The Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) has concluded its third and final Additional Development and Upgrade Opportunities (ADUO) review for the 2026 Formula 1 season. The assessment confirmed that no further power unit upgrades have been granted to manufacturers. This decision finalises the development allowances for the current season under the ADUO framework.
ADUO was introduced alongside the 2026 power unit regulations to foster closer competition among engine suppliers. It functions as a cost cap relief mechanism, allowing manufacturers with underperforming internal combustion engines (ICE) to receive additional development opportunities. The system monitors ICE performance through an ‘ICE Performance Index’.
This index considers factors such as engine speed, input shaft torque, and MGU-K power. Manufacturers whose ICE performance is at least two per cent behind the leading power unit can qualify for additional homologation opportunities. These allowances also include increased cost cap and dyno testing provisions.
The 2026 power unit regulations represent a significant shift, retaining the 1.6L V6 turbo ICE but eliminating the MGU-H. The MGU-K’s role has been substantially expanded, with maximum electrical output increasing to 350 kW. The aim is a near 50:50 split between ICE and electric power, utilising 100% sustainable fuels.
The first ADUO review period in 2026 covered the initial five races of the season, from Australia to Canada. Red Bull Powertrains was identified as the benchmark for ICE performance. Mercedes was assessed as being between two and four per cent behind Red Bull.
This entitled Mercedes to one additional homologation opportunity in both the 2026 and 2027 seasons. Ferrari, Audi, and Honda were found to be more than four per cent behind the benchmark. Consequently, these manufacturers received two additional homologation opportunities for both 2026 and 2027.
Red Bull Powertrains had requested a factual verification of the initial ADUO analysis results. The second review period concluded after the Hungarian Grand Prix, covering races seven to twelve. No additional development opportunities were awarded during this second assessment.
The third and final review period for 2026 encompassed races 12 to 18, concluding after the United States Grand Prix. Although the FIA confirmed that performance gaps between manufacturers had evolved, these differences were insufficient to warrant any further homologation opportunities.
FIA Single-Seater Director Nikolas Tombazis expressed confidence in the governing body’s assessment process. He stated that the first year of ADUO implementation reinforced the belief that the concept is appropriate for Formula 1.
However, Tombazis has also acknowledged that the ADUO system has ‘weaknesses’ and will require refinements in the coming years. The FIA is collaborating with manufacturers and teams to explore potential adjustments to the system ahead of future seasons.
The next ADUO review period is scheduled to take place during the opening six races of the 2027 season. This assessment will begin at the Bahrain Grand Prix and conclude after the Miami Grand Prix.
